The History of Soda Pop and Carbonated Beverages

The history of soda pop (also known colloquially in different regions of the United States as soda, pop, coke, soft drinks, or carbonated beverages) dates back to the 1700s. This timeline chronicles the popular drink from its creation when it was touted as a health drink to rising concerns that soda—sweetened naturally or artificially—is a contributing factor to a growing health crisis. Inventing (Un)Natural Mineral Water Strictly speaking, carbonated beverages in the form of beer and champagne have been around for centuries. Carbonated drinks that dont pack an alcoholic punch have a shorter history. By the 17th century, Parisian street vendors were selling a noncarbonated version of lemonade, and cider certainly wasnt all that hard to come by but the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water wasnt invented until the 1760s. Natural mineral waters have been thought to have curative powers since Roman times. Pioneering soft-drink inventors, hoping to reproduce those health-enhancing qualities in the laboratory, used chalk and acid to carbonate water. 1760s: Carbonation techniques were first developed.1789: Jacob Schweppe began selling seltzer in Geneva.1798: The term soda water was coined.1800: Benjamin Silliman produced carbonated water on a large scale.1810: The first U.S. patent was issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral water.1819: The soda fountain was patented by Samuel Fahnestock.1835: The first soda water was bottled in the U.S. Adding Flavor Sweetens the Soda Business No one knows exactly when or by whom flavorings and sweeteners were first added to seltzer but mixtures of wine and carbonated water became popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. By the 1830s, flavored syrups made from berries and fruit were developed, and by 1865, a supplier was advertising different seltzers flavored with pineapple, orange, lemon, apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, grape, cherry, black cherry, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, pear, and melon. But perhaps the most significant innovation in the realm of soda flavoring came in 1886, when J.S. Pemberton, using a combination of kola nut from Africa and cocaine from South America, created the iconic taste of Coca-Cola. 1833: The first effervescent lemonade was sold.1840s: Soda counters were added to pharmacies.1850: A manual hand-and-foot-operated filling and  corking device was first used for bottling soda water.1851: Ginger ale was created in Ireland.1861: The term pop was coined.1874: The first ice-cream soda was sold.1876: Root beer  was mass-produced for public sale for the first time.1881: The first cola-flavored beverage was introduced.1885: Charles Alderton invented Dr. Pepper in Waco, Texas.1886: Dr. John S. Pemberton created Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia.1892: William Painter invented the crown bottle cap.1898: Caleb Bradham invented Pepsi-Cola.1899: The first patent was issued for a glass blowing machine used to produce glass bottles. An Expanding Industry The soft drink industry expanded rapidly. By 1860, there were 123 plants bottling soft drink water in the United States. By 1870, there were 387, and by 1900, there were 2,763 different plants. The temperance movement in the United States and Great Britain is credited with spurring the success and popularity of carbonated beverages, which were seen as wholesome alternatives to alcohol. Pharmacies serving soft drinks were respectable, bars selling alcohol were not. 1913 Gas-motored trucks replaced horse-drawn carriages as delivery vehicles.1919: The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages was formed.1920: The U.S. Census reported the existence of more than 5,000 bottling plants.1920s: The first automatic vending machines dispensed soda into cups.1923: Six-pack soft drink cartons called Hom-Paks were created.1929: The Howdy Company debuted its new drink Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas (later renamed 7†¢up).  1934: Colored labeling makes its soft-drink-bottle debut. In the original process, the coloring was baked on the bottle.1942: The American Medical Association recommended Americans limit their intake of added sugar in diets and specifically mentioned soft drinks.1952: The first diet soft drink—a ginger ale called No-Cal Beverage produced by Kirsch—was sold. Mass Production In 1890, Coca-Cola sold 9,000 gallons of its flavored syrup. By 1904, the figure had risen to one million gallons of Coca-Cola syrup sold annually. The latter half of the 20th century saw extensive development in the production methodology for the manufacture of carbonated beverages, with particular emphasis on bottles and bottle caps. 1957: Aluminum cans for soft drinks were introduced.1959: The first diet cola was sold.1962: The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. It was first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.1963: In March, the Pop Top beer can, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio, was introduced by the Schlitz Brewing Company.1965: Soft drinks in cans were first dispensed from vending machines.1965: The resealable top was invented.1966: The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages was renamed the National Soft Drink Association.1970: Plastic bottles for soft drinks were introduced.1973: The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle was created.1974: The stay-on tab was introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, Kentucky.1979: Mello Yello soft drink was introduced by The Coca-Cola  Company as competition against Mountain Dew.1981: The talking vending machine  was invented. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Health and Diet Concerns Soda pops negative impact on health issues was recognized as early as 1942, however, the controversy did not hit critical proportions until the close of the 20th century. Concerns grew as links between soda consumption and conditions such as tooth decay, obesity, and diabetes were confirmed. Consumers railed against soft drink companies commercial exploitation of children. In homes and in the legislature, people began to demand change. The annual consumption of soda in the United States rose from 10.8 gallons per person in 1950 to 49.3 gallons in 2000. Today, the scientific community refers to soft drinks as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). 1994: Studies linking sugary drinks to weight gain were first reported.2004: The first connection with Type 2 diabetes and SSB consumption was published.2009: SSB Weight gain in children and adults was confirmed.2009: With a mean tax rate of 5.2 percent, 33 states implement taxes on soft drinks.2013: New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a law prohibiting businesses from selling SSBs larger than 16 ounces. The law was rejected on appeal.2014: The relationship between SSB intake and hypertension was confirmed.2016: Seven state legislatures, eight city governments, and the Navajo Nation issue or propose laws restricting sales, imposing taxes, and/or requiring warning labels on SSBs.2019: In a study of 80,000 women released by the journal, Stroke, it was found that postmenopausal women who drink two or more artificially sweetened beverages per day (whether carbonated or not) were linked to an earlier risk of stroke, heart disease, and early death. Sources: Ax, Joseph. Bloombergs ban on big sodas is unconstitutional: appeals court. Reuters 20 July 2017. Online, downloaded 12/23/2017. Brownell, Kelly D., et al. The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages. New England Journal of Medicine 361.16 (2009): 1599–605. Print.Kick the Can. Legislative Campaigns.  Kick the Can: giving the boot to sugary drinks. (2017). Online. Downloaded 23 December 2017.Popkin, B. M., V. Malik, and F. B. Hu. Beverage: Health Effects. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Oxford: Academic Press, 2016. 372–80. Print.Schneidemesser, Luanne Von. Soda or Pop? Journal of English Linguistics 24.4 (1996): 270–87. Print.Vartanian, Lenny R., Marlene B. Schwartz, and Kelly D. Brownell. Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Public Health 97.4 (2007): 667–75. Print.Wolf, A., G. A. Bray, and B. M. Popkin. A Short History of Beverages and How Our Body Treats Them. Obesity Reviews 9.2 (2008): 151–64. Print.Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, PhD; Victor Kamensky, MS; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH; Brian Silver, MD; Stephen R. Rapp, PhD; Bernhard Haring, MD, MPH; Shirley A.A. Beresford, PhD; Linda Snetselaar, PhD; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, PhD. Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative. Stroke (2019)

Children of Divorce Essay - 655 Words

Summary Assignment Terrill Ray DeVry University ENGL 135 Summary Prewriting Theme: Family Topic: Children of Divorce Title: Consequences of parental divorce for child development. Hyun Sik Kim is likely against too much government influence on schools and feels that government control is detrimental. Intended audience: The American Sociological Review (ASR) publishes original (not previously published) works of interest to the discipline in general, new theoretical developments, results of qualitative or quantitative research that advance our understanding of fundamental social processes, and important methodological innovations. All areas of sociology are welcome. Emphasis is on exceptional quality and general interest. Writer’s†¦show more content†¦However, I found no negative consequences of parental divorce for reading test scores, nor did I find an increase in externalizing behavior problems in any stage. Additionally, I did not find statistically significant estimates of a pre-divorce effect, a resilience parameter at the population level, or a total divorce effect as defined herein. Part 3: The multiple-paragraph summary Hyun Sik Kim (2011) To summarize, I found setbacks among children of divorce in math test scores during and after the experience of parental divorce (i.e., significant combined effects of the in- and post-divorce effect), a negative in-divorce effect on interpersonal skills and negative combined effects during the in- and post-divorce periods, and a pronounced in-divorce effect on the internalizing behavior dimension. However, I found no negative consequences of parental divorce for reading test scores, nor did I find an increase in externalizing behavior problems in any stage. Additionally, I did not find statistically significant estimates of a pre-divorce effect, a resilience parameter at the population level, or a total divorce effect as defined herein. 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Marriage is a beautiful thing, but there are some couples who are unable to maintain their relationship, because they choose divorce as a solution to cope with the problems between husband and wife. Although divorce can be solution to cope with problem between the husband and wife, it still has dangerous effects especially on their children. Children with divorced parentsRead MoreChildren Of Divorce And Its Effect On Children913 Words   |  4 PagesChildren of Divorce Children of divorce are numerous, the effects of their biological parents separation and subsequent divorce has lasting effects on their behavior, academics, and their emotions. No one seems to care about the prevalence of divorce in society today; it is no longer considered taboo. 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Behavioral issues in children of divorce can range from mild acting out to destructive behaviorRead MoreThe Impact Of Children On Children With Divorce1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter understanding of my topic, and how to answer my question. 1.5 million children deal with divorce every year. Researchers have found that only a relatively small percentage of children experience severe problems in the wake of divorce. Also, they have found that most children, after the initial blow of divorce, only suffer for a short period of time. Many children experience short-term negative effects from divorce. For example some of the effects include: anxiety, anger, shock and disbelief

Startup Funding For Nestle Baby Food in Myanmar

Question: Discuss about theStartup Funding For Nestle Baby Food in Myanmar. Answer: Introduction: The baby food market mainly comprises of four product largely dried infant food, infant milk formula, prepared infant food and other baby food supplement (Mesch et al. 2014). The Myanmar food market is less regulated as compared to other market. Moreover, the sizeable population has provided many opportunities pertaining to market penetration. This summary report evaluates the market conditions prevailing at the Myanmar market in order to compute estimated level of costs that the company procures. Discussion: The amount of the Initial findings has been allocated in the following manner: Initial Funds Amount (Burmese Kyat) Initial Expenses: Regulatory costs 23,779,800 Logistical framework 48,040,000 Production facilities maintenance 29,064,200 Distribution costs 30,385,300 Research Development Expenses 36,030,000 Office expenses 48,880,700 Raw materials procurements 300,250,000 Initial Promotional Expenses 84,070,000 600,500,000 Start-up Assets 850,000,000 Total Funds 1,450,500,000 Assets: Non-cash assets 3400000000 Cash Needs 3200000000 Additional cash obtained NIL Opening cash balance 4,600,000 Total Assets 6604600000 Liabilities and Capital: Present Borrowings NIL Long-term loans NIL Accounts payable NIL Non-current liabilities NIL Total liabilities NIL Capital: Owners 560000000 Investors NIL Additional Funds NIL Total planned investment 560000000 Loss incurred during start-up expenses 46000000 Total Capital 514000000 Total Capital and Liabilities 560000000 Table 1: Estimated startup funding for the launch (Source: As created by the Author) Estimated Returns from products offered by Nestle Products 1st year 2nd Year 3rd Year Dried Infant Food (30%) 16213500 17996985 20606548 Infant Milk Formula (20%) 10809000 11997990 13737699 Prepared Infant Food (25%) 13511250 14997488 17172123 Baby Food Supplement (25%) 13511250 14997488 17172123 Total returns 54045000 59989950 68688493 Table 2: Estimated Returns (Source: As created by the Author) The numerous estimated expanses requires for the startup funds have been derived after taking into account the food industry dynamics prevailing in Myanmar. The initial expense pertaining to the costs stands at 600,500,000 Kyat after taking into account the probable expenses relating to the manufacturing, production facilities, expected distribution and promotional costs (tractus-asia.com 2016). The return from different baby food items have been estimated at 9% of the initial expenses due to the fact that food market in Myanmar is showcasing profit margins of around 10%. Moreover, returns over the next two year have been estimated to be 11% and 14.5% on expenses based on estimated forecasts (Myanmar Medical Exhibition, Healthcare Conference. 2016). It has been suggested that initial funding should be sourced from the retained earnings pertaining to the other businesses of Nestle. Conclusion: The report shows the computation of initial funds required to launch Nestls baby food products in the Myanmar markets. The initial costs pertaining to regulatory expenses and raw material procurements are high followed by the logistical operations because of accessibility issues. The returns have been estimated after taking into account the industry forecasts. Moreover, the returns pertaining to different products have been apportioned according to the estimated contribution that each of the four-food item will provide. The chosen source of funding relating to the launch of the product line has been selected to be internal in nature as the retained earnings is recommended to be utilized in order to minimize the cost of capital. References and Bibliography: Foodandbeverage.biz. (2016). www.foodandbeverage.biz. [online] Available at: https://www.foodandbeverage.biz/myanmarburma.html [Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. Allied Market Research. (2016). Baby Food Market By Product Type (Dried baby food, Milk formula, Prepared baby food) and Distribution Channel (Super markets, Hyper markets, Small grocery retailers, Health and Beauty retailers) - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014 - 2020. [online] Available at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/baby-food-market [Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. Mesch, C.M., Stimming, M., Foterek, K., Hilbig, A., Alexy, U., Kersting, M. and Libuda, L., 2014. Food variety in commercial and homemade complementary meals for infants in Germany. Market survey and dietary practice.Appetite,76, pp.113-119. Dunn, E.C., 2015.Privatizing Poland: Baby food, big business, and the remaking of labor. Cornell University Press. Myanmar Medical Exhibition, Healthcare Conference. (2016). Myanmar Baby Food Supplements Health Drink Registration FDA Myanmar. [online] Available at: https://medical-healthcare.mitamyanmar.com/yangon/sector-industry/baby-foods-food-supplements-and-health-drinks-registration-with-fda-myanmar-yangon-distributors/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. tractus-asia.com (2016). [online] Available at: https://tractus-asia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Business-Development-Publications-CODB-Myanmar-2015-05-08.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016].

Major Essays - The Salvation Army, Major Barbara,

Major Barbara By George Bernard Title: Major Barbara Author: George Bernard Shaw Setting: The play extends over three days in January 1906. The beginning starts in the library of Lady Britomart, the estranged wife of Andrew Undershaft. It then continues with a visit to the West Ham Shelter of the Salvation Army. The play finally concludes at the Undershaft Empire, the munitions' factory. Plot: Lady Britomart invites her estranged husband, Andrew Undershaft, over to reacquaint him with his children, Stephen, Sarah, and Barbara. Lady Britomart is in need of more money to support their daughters and their intended's, Charles Lomax and Adolphus Cusins. Barbara tries to convert her father and save his soul. While Andrew will convert his daughter, Barbara to his side. Cast of Key Characters Major Barbara Undershaft "Conformist" [Barbara to Lady Britomart 65] Lady Britomart has just informed the girls, Sarah and Barbara, that their father, Andrew Undershaft, will be arriving at any time. She has already informed Stephen Undershaft. Since it has been a long time ago, when they were babies, that Andrew has seen the children she wishes for them to be on their best behavior. Lady Brit wants to ask Andrew for money for the girls and their intended's, Charles Lomax and Adolphus Cusins; therefore, she has asked them to be there also. To accommodate her mother she attempts to conform to a ladylike appearance. Quote: "All right, mother. We'll do you credit. [She comes off the table, and sits in her chair with ladylike elegance]." "Director" [Barbara to Shirley 83] Bill Walker has just assaulted two women, Rummy and Jenny Hill, at the West Ham Shelter. He is looking for his woman. Barbara comes out to take the names of the people who have arrived and to save their souls. She takes control of the situation in a professional way. She directs Shirley to sit down and for the gentlemen there to give her their names, addresses, and trades. Barbara is trying to put order back to the disorder that had just occurred. Quote: "Sit down: make yourself at home. [He hesitates; but she puts a friendly hand on his shoulder and makes him obey]. Now then! Since you've made friends with us, we want to know all about you. Names and addresses and trades." "Conniver" [Barbara to Bill Walker 84] Shirley has given Barbara his name and trade. She then turns to Bill to give his name. Bill refuses to give his name to her. She then tries to coax it out of him, by making a note in her book and calling him chicken basically. Quote: "[calmly making a note] Afraid to give his name. Any trade? "Caregiver" [Barbara to Jenny 87] Barbara has been talking with Bill about what he had done earlier to the women and trying to get him to see the light. Bill tells her he is looking for his woman, Mog. Barbara tells him where she is but it won't do him any good to go to get here back she has found another man. She will more then likely convert him, because that is how she won her new bow. She decides to let him think about this for awhile and turns her attentions to Jenny. With sincere concern she asks if Jenny is all right and comforts her with a gentle touch. Quote: "Poor little Jenny! Are you tired? Does it hurt?" "Oppressor" [Barbara to Bill 89] Barbara has been talking with her father about how he and Shirley are both Secularists. Andrew says his religion is that of a millionaire. She says she is wrong they don't have anything in common then. Barbara dismisses Shirley and turns to her father. He asks about Bill. She says they will convert him in time. She seems to read Bill's mind when she says she is sure her would like to smash Mog's head in. He is amazed that she knew what he was thinking. She tries to scare him by saying that his new companion is the devil. And when the devil comes round he depresses people like him. Quote: "The devil, Bill. When he gets round people they get miserable, just like you." "Fanatic" [Barbara to Bill 90] Barbara is hell bent on saving Bill's soul she keeps talking to him about the terrible thing he has done, hitting a good soul like Jenny Hill. She has become relentless. Telling him to hold out against the conversion and that he hasn't a heart. She is playing on his guilt to make him

Welding - Plumbing - Learn a Trade, Find a Job

Welding - Plumbing - Learn a Trade, Find a Job It’s probably fair to say that nobody wants to experience the Great Depression again. Ever. The unemployment rate hit 20.1 percent in 1935. Our senior generations remember those days well. It seems you don’t easily forget being hungry. The U.S. Department of Labor reports that in January, 2009, the unemployment rate in the U.S. was 7.6 percent. People are responding by taking action, some of them by going back to school to learn a trade or finish a degree. Welding or CNA Anyone? â€Å"Interest in our Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) classes is way up,† said John Kenney, Director of Continuing Education at Arkansas State University – Mountain Home (ASUMH). â€Å"Our welding technology program has seen the largest jump.† Kenney increased his welding faculty this semester to provide more classes. ASUMH now offers evening classes Monday through Friday and day classes Friday and Saturday, and most are filled to capacity. â€Å"Im seeing a definite shift this semester,† Kenney said, â€Å"from retirees who just want to learn to weld to a younger group of students who are in their late 20’s, early 30’s who are looking for a change in careers or who want to start a new career. As you would expect, some have been laid off from their jobs or are underemployed. They seem to be a motivated group who are eager to learn.† Kenney reported that many are choosing to document their skills through national certification testing such as that provided by the American Welding Society. Add a Degree to Your Trade Knowledge At the University of Minnesota, Bob Stine, the Associate Dean of the College of Continuing Education, Degree and Credit Programs, sees increased interest in the B.A. degree they offer in Construction Management. It’s designed for people who already have a two-year Associate’s degree and want to advance their careers. Students come in as juniors. â€Å"There’s a heavy dose of applied business courses,† Stine said, â€Å"so students learn the business side of the background they already have in a certain trade.† The U of M also offers a new online degree completion program for students who have at least two years of college and want to finish their degree. The innovative program starts with one face-to-face introductory class and is completed online. â€Å"The first class is about self-reflection,† Stine said, â€Å"in which students ask themselves why they’re going back to school, why it’s rational, and what their desired course list looks like. They say at the end, ‘Now I understand what I’m doing and why,’ and off they go.† How About an Environmental Occupation? The Water Quality courses at the Training, Research Education for Environmental Occupations Center (TREEO) at the University of Florida are popular and appreciated. This is what one student had to say, â€Å"My confidence level shot up, and the most valuable portions of the course to me were the math, trouble-shooting, and treatment processes.† Even the smallest towns need water-treatment personnel. It’s one of those jobs we tend to take for granted. UF also provides courses in everything from health professions and insurance to law and real estate. Dr. Eileen I. Oliver, is Interim Dean and Professor of the Division of Continuing Education there. Overall, Enrollment is Up â€Å"Overall, enrollment is up this semester at ASUMH for all classes and I believe at most 2-year colleges,† Kenney said. â€Å"Money is tight and community colleges offer good value for dollars spent.† ASUMH is beginning new CNA classes each month and they’re usually at maximum enrollment. Kenney is seeing several students who have been working in housekeeping or who have been employed as aids who want to increase their skill-level for higher-paying jobs as Certified Nursing Assistants. Charles Russell, a learner representative who answers an information line at the U of M, shared his take on the changes he sees in callers to the university. â€Å"My instincts tell me we are getting fewer passive inquiries and more decisive action from learners,† Russell wrote. â€Å" ‘I am thinking about’ is being replaced with, ‘I need to.’ To me, this subtle shift is the result of the economy forcing the decision as people react to their personal anxieties over the current economic uncertainties. Being proactive gives a person the feeling of control over their situation.† The U of M is also seeing a definite â€Å"increase in the number of people seeking individual appointments with our career and lifework counselor,† according to Rachel Wright, Marketing Communications Associate. All of this is good news for non-traditional students considering going back to school to either protect a job they love or to find a more secure position. Take the advice of these professionals. Check out what your local community colleges and universities have to offer you. Ask how they make it easy for you to take classes while you’re working and raising a family. Make an appointment with a counselor. Take action. You don’t ever have to go hungry.

Organizational Behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organizational Behavior - Case Study Example Indeed, all the medical staff report to the Chief Medical Officer and clinic administrator. Notably, all the medical staff and the management must have adequate training and knowledge on their responsibilities (Borkowski, 2011). As such, they performed according to their abilities and valued team work in achieving the goals of the clinic. However, late last year, the Chief Medical Officer and clinic administrator decided to implement changes in the clinic’s policies and practices without consulting the medical staff which led to adverse effects in the organization (Borkowski, 2011). At the time, there were numerous delays and long wait list in the clinic subject to increasing number of patients, frequent problems with the machines in the theater, lack of administrative support, few numbers of medical staff, inefficient policies, poor IT support, and lack of space in the clinic as earlier noted by the medical staff. The Chief Medical Officer and clinic administrator opted to in crease the working hours of the medical staff, introduce a universal method to assess the performance of the health providers, and changed policies as they sought to address the problems at the clinic. Notably, the new working schedule did not solve the problems as the medical staff would work for long hours for no extra returns thus demotivating them. Moreover, the new policies contradicted with the professional ethics of the medical staff and thus they declined to adopt the new policies. In fact the management set the working in the clinic to be from 7:00-5:30 every day including weekends where every medical staff would work for atleast70 hours in a week. More so, the management used an informal method to communicate the changes to the medical staff. As a result, lack of administrative support, communication, and motivation led to resignation of 2 nurses and 2 physicians thus crippling the operations of the facility. However, the clinic is slowly restoring its operations and effic iency after the clinic was put under new management. X And Y-Theories Styles of Management Douglas McGregor devised Theory X and Theory Y of management which assumes human nature and human behavior in management (Kopelman et al, 2008). Theory X assumes that work is undesirable, works avoid responsibility, money is the ultimate motivation to work, and creativity is exclusive to  management (Mohamed & Mohamad, 2013). The theory asserts that workers require forcible manipulation, resists change, control, and direction for them to achieve company objectives and workers avoid work at all costs. In this style of management, there is minimal delegation, centralized control and supervision (Mohamed & Mohamad, 2013). Indeed, the X-Theory assumes that the management’s role is to coerce and control employees. This theory applies in large organizations where X-Theory management is unavoidable (Mohamed & Mohamad, 2013). On the other hand, we have the Y-Theory which assumes a positive vi ew of human behavior where individuals are normally responsible, industrious, creative, and adopt self-control in their work (Mohamed & Mohamad, 2013). Indeed, this theory would have helped with provider retention in this case study. This is because theory Y encourages participative management where the management consults with the employees in making decisions and affords employees with a chance to control their working environment (Mohamed & Mo

Needs Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Needs Assessment - Assignment Example Some of the considerable changes that were noted before and after the assessment related to the duration which the children brushed their teeth and also the number of times they did this. These responses changed to the positive side. From the discussion, it is also seen that the greatest change in response is to do with the reason why people brush their teeth. After getting the results in the post-assessment it came to be realized that the children gained a better understanding of the importance of brushing their teeth. In order to achieve the expected results or feedback, there are instruments which will have to be used in order to get the necessary information from the target population, the survey instrument that was used in this case was a questionnaire. Some of the goals of the questionnaire were to establish whether the students are well aware of the constituents of good oral hygiene, establish whether they are carrying out the right practice when it comes to their oral hygiene among other goals. Chances are considerably high that an unbiased opinion may be given since the questionnaires do not call for personal details, for example, the name of the respondent and so the respondent may give feedback without fear of victimization. The instrument used may not have provided a conclusive result in the sense that the target population was rather small and for this reason what was gotten from them could not be used to come up with a clear conclusion that would reflect on the situation away from the school. The people involved in the assessment may have played a role in influencing the feedback from the students. This was maybe through the tone and the expressions they used.