The History of Soda Pop and Carbonated Beverages

The history of soda pop (also known colloquially in different regions of the United States as soda, pop, coke, soft drinks, or carbonated beverages) dates back to the 1700s. This timeline chronicles the popular drink from its creation when it was touted as a health drink to rising concerns that soda—sweetened naturally or artificially—is a contributing factor to a growing health crisis. Inventing (Un)Natural Mineral Water Strictly speaking, carbonated beverages in the form of beer and champagne have been around for centuries. Carbonated drinks that dont pack an alcoholic punch have a shorter history. By the 17th century, Parisian street vendors were selling a noncarbonated version of lemonade, and cider certainly wasnt all that hard to come by but the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water wasnt invented until the 1760s. Natural mineral waters have been thought to have curative powers since Roman times. Pioneering soft-drink inventors, hoping to reproduce those health-enhancing qualities in the laboratory, used chalk and acid to carbonate water. 1760s: Carbonation techniques were first developed.1789: Jacob Schweppe began selling seltzer in Geneva.1798: The term soda water was coined.1800: Benjamin Silliman produced carbonated water on a large scale.1810: The first U.S. patent was issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral water.1819: The soda fountain was patented by Samuel Fahnestock.1835: The first soda water was bottled in the U.S. Adding Flavor Sweetens the Soda Business No one knows exactly when or by whom flavorings and sweeteners were first added to seltzer but mixtures of wine and carbonated water became popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. By the 1830s, flavored syrups made from berries and fruit were developed, and by 1865, a supplier was advertising different seltzers flavored with pineapple, orange, lemon, apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, grape, cherry, black cherry, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, pear, and melon. But perhaps the most significant innovation in the realm of soda flavoring came in 1886, when J.S. Pemberton, using a combination of kola nut from Africa and cocaine from South America, created the iconic taste of Coca-Cola. 1833: The first effervescent lemonade was sold.1840s: Soda counters were added to pharmacies.1850: A manual hand-and-foot-operated filling and  corking device was first used for bottling soda water.1851: Ginger ale was created in Ireland.1861: The term pop was coined.1874: The first ice-cream soda was sold.1876: Root beer  was mass-produced for public sale for the first time.1881: The first cola-flavored beverage was introduced.1885: Charles Alderton invented Dr. Pepper in Waco, Texas.1886: Dr. John S. Pemberton created Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia.1892: William Painter invented the crown bottle cap.1898: Caleb Bradham invented Pepsi-Cola.1899: The first patent was issued for a glass blowing machine used to produce glass bottles. An Expanding Industry The soft drink industry expanded rapidly. By 1860, there were 123 plants bottling soft drink water in the United States. By 1870, there were 387, and by 1900, there were 2,763 different plants. The temperance movement in the United States and Great Britain is credited with spurring the success and popularity of carbonated beverages, which were seen as wholesome alternatives to alcohol. Pharmacies serving soft drinks were respectable, bars selling alcohol were not. 1913 Gas-motored trucks replaced horse-drawn carriages as delivery vehicles.1919: The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages was formed.1920: The U.S. Census reported the existence of more than 5,000 bottling plants.1920s: The first automatic vending machines dispensed soda into cups.1923: Six-pack soft drink cartons called Hom-Paks were created.1929: The Howdy Company debuted its new drink Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas (later renamed 7†¢up).  1934: Colored labeling makes its soft-drink-bottle debut. In the original process, the coloring was baked on the bottle.1942: The American Medical Association recommended Americans limit their intake of added sugar in diets and specifically mentioned soft drinks.1952: The first diet soft drink—a ginger ale called No-Cal Beverage produced by Kirsch—was sold. Mass Production In 1890, Coca-Cola sold 9,000 gallons of its flavored syrup. By 1904, the figure had risen to one million gallons of Coca-Cola syrup sold annually. The latter half of the 20th century saw extensive development in the production methodology for the manufacture of carbonated beverages, with particular emphasis on bottles and bottle caps. 1957: Aluminum cans for soft drinks were introduced.1959: The first diet cola was sold.1962: The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. It was first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.1963: In March, the Pop Top beer can, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio, was introduced by the Schlitz Brewing Company.1965: Soft drinks in cans were first dispensed from vending machines.1965: The resealable top was invented.1966: The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages was renamed the National Soft Drink Association.1970: Plastic bottles for soft drinks were introduced.1973: The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle was created.1974: The stay-on tab was introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, Kentucky.1979: Mello Yello soft drink was introduced by The Coca-Cola  Company as competition against Mountain Dew.1981: The talking vending machine  was invented. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Health and Diet Concerns Soda pops negative impact on health issues was recognized as early as 1942, however, the controversy did not hit critical proportions until the close of the 20th century. Concerns grew as links between soda consumption and conditions such as tooth decay, obesity, and diabetes were confirmed. Consumers railed against soft drink companies commercial exploitation of children. In homes and in the legislature, people began to demand change. The annual consumption of soda in the United States rose from 10.8 gallons per person in 1950 to 49.3 gallons in 2000. Today, the scientific community refers to soft drinks as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). 1994: Studies linking sugary drinks to weight gain were first reported.2004: The first connection with Type 2 diabetes and SSB consumption was published.2009: SSB Weight gain in children and adults was confirmed.2009: With a mean tax rate of 5.2 percent, 33 states implement taxes on soft drinks.2013: New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a law prohibiting businesses from selling SSBs larger than 16 ounces. The law was rejected on appeal.2014: The relationship between SSB intake and hypertension was confirmed.2016: Seven state legislatures, eight city governments, and the Navajo Nation issue or propose laws restricting sales, imposing taxes, and/or requiring warning labels on SSBs.2019: In a study of 80,000 women released by the journal, Stroke, it was found that postmenopausal women who drink two or more artificially sweetened beverages per day (whether carbonated or not) were linked to an earlier risk of stroke, heart disease, and early death. Sources: Ax, Joseph. Bloombergs ban on big sodas is unconstitutional: appeals court. Reuters 20 July 2017. Online, downloaded 12/23/2017. Brownell, Kelly D., et al. The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages. New England Journal of Medicine 361.16 (2009): 1599–605. Print.Kick the Can. Legislative Campaigns.  Kick the Can: giving the boot to sugary drinks. (2017). Online. Downloaded 23 December 2017.Popkin, B. M., V. Malik, and F. B. Hu. Beverage: Health Effects. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Oxford: Academic Press, 2016. 372–80. Print.Schneidemesser, Luanne Von. Soda or Pop? Journal of English Linguistics 24.4 (1996): 270–87. Print.Vartanian, Lenny R., Marlene B. Schwartz, and Kelly D. Brownell. Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Public Health 97.4 (2007): 667–75. Print.Wolf, A., G. A. Bray, and B. M. Popkin. A Short History of Beverages and How Our Body Treats Them. Obesity Reviews 9.2 (2008): 151–64. Print.Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, PhD; Victor Kamensky, MS; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH; Brian Silver, MD; Stephen R. Rapp, PhD; Bernhard Haring, MD, MPH; Shirley A.A. Beresford, PhD; Linda Snetselaar, PhD; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, PhD. Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative. Stroke (2019)

Children of Divorce Essay - 655 Words

Summary Assignment Terrill Ray DeVry University ENGL 135 Summary Prewriting Theme: Family Topic: Children of Divorce Title: Consequences of parental divorce for child development. Hyun Sik Kim is likely against too much government influence on schools and feels that government control is detrimental. Intended audience: The American Sociological Review (ASR) publishes original (not previously published) works of interest to the discipline in general, new theoretical developments, results of qualitative or quantitative research that advance our understanding of fundamental social processes, and important methodological innovations. All areas of sociology are welcome. Emphasis is on exceptional quality and general interest. Writer’s†¦show more content†¦However, I found no negative consequences of parental divorce for reading test scores, nor did I find an increase in externalizing behavior problems in any stage. Additionally, I did not find statistically significant estimates of a pre-divorce effect, a resilience parameter at the population level, or a total divorce effect as defined herein. Part 3: The multiple-paragraph summary Hyun Sik Kim (2011) To summarize, I found setbacks among children of divorce in math test scores during and after the experience of parental divorce (i.e., significant combined effects of the in- and post-divorce effect), a negative in-divorce effect on interpersonal skills and negative combined effects during the in- and post-divorce periods, and a pronounced in-divorce effect on the internalizing behavior dimension. However, I found no negative consequences of parental divorce for reading test scores, nor did I find an increase in externalizing behavior problems in any stage. Additionally, I did not find statistically significant estimates of a pre-divorce effect, a resilience parameter at the population level, or a total divorce effect as defined herein. 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Startup Funding For Nestle Baby Food in Myanmar

Question: Discuss about theStartup Funding For Nestle Baby Food in Myanmar. Answer: Introduction: The baby food market mainly comprises of four product largely dried infant food, infant milk formula, prepared infant food and other baby food supplement (Mesch et al. 2014). The Myanmar food market is less regulated as compared to other market. Moreover, the sizeable population has provided many opportunities pertaining to market penetration. This summary report evaluates the market conditions prevailing at the Myanmar market in order to compute estimated level of costs that the company procures. Discussion: The amount of the Initial findings has been allocated in the following manner: Initial Funds Amount (Burmese Kyat) Initial Expenses: Regulatory costs 23,779,800 Logistical framework 48,040,000 Production facilities maintenance 29,064,200 Distribution costs 30,385,300 Research Development Expenses 36,030,000 Office expenses 48,880,700 Raw materials procurements 300,250,000 Initial Promotional Expenses 84,070,000 600,500,000 Start-up Assets 850,000,000 Total Funds 1,450,500,000 Assets: Non-cash assets 3400000000 Cash Needs 3200000000 Additional cash obtained NIL Opening cash balance 4,600,000 Total Assets 6604600000 Liabilities and Capital: Present Borrowings NIL Long-term loans NIL Accounts payable NIL Non-current liabilities NIL Total liabilities NIL Capital: Owners 560000000 Investors NIL Additional Funds NIL Total planned investment 560000000 Loss incurred during start-up expenses 46000000 Total Capital 514000000 Total Capital and Liabilities 560000000 Table 1: Estimated startup funding for the launch (Source: As created by the Author) Estimated Returns from products offered by Nestle Products 1st year 2nd Year 3rd Year Dried Infant Food (30%) 16213500 17996985 20606548 Infant Milk Formula (20%) 10809000 11997990 13737699 Prepared Infant Food (25%) 13511250 14997488 17172123 Baby Food Supplement (25%) 13511250 14997488 17172123 Total returns 54045000 59989950 68688493 Table 2: Estimated Returns (Source: As created by the Author) The numerous estimated expanses requires for the startup funds have been derived after taking into account the food industry dynamics prevailing in Myanmar. The initial expense pertaining to the costs stands at 600,500,000 Kyat after taking into account the probable expenses relating to the manufacturing, production facilities, expected distribution and promotional costs (tractus-asia.com 2016). The return from different baby food items have been estimated at 9% of the initial expenses due to the fact that food market in Myanmar is showcasing profit margins of around 10%. Moreover, returns over the next two year have been estimated to be 11% and 14.5% on expenses based on estimated forecasts (Myanmar Medical Exhibition, Healthcare Conference. 2016). It has been suggested that initial funding should be sourced from the retained earnings pertaining to the other businesses of Nestle. Conclusion: The report shows the computation of initial funds required to launch Nestls baby food products in the Myanmar markets. The initial costs pertaining to regulatory expenses and raw material procurements are high followed by the logistical operations because of accessibility issues. The returns have been estimated after taking into account the industry forecasts. Moreover, the returns pertaining to different products have been apportioned according to the estimated contribution that each of the four-food item will provide. The chosen source of funding relating to the launch of the product line has been selected to be internal in nature as the retained earnings is recommended to be utilized in order to minimize the cost of capital. References and Bibliography: Foodandbeverage.biz. (2016). www.foodandbeverage.biz. [online] Available at: https://www.foodandbeverage.biz/myanmarburma.html [Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. Allied Market Research. (2016). Baby Food Market By Product Type (Dried baby food, Milk formula, Prepared baby food) and Distribution Channel (Super markets, Hyper markets, Small grocery retailers, Health and Beauty retailers) - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014 - 2020. [online] Available at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/baby-food-market [Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. Mesch, C.M., Stimming, M., Foterek, K., Hilbig, A., Alexy, U., Kersting, M. and Libuda, L., 2014. Food variety in commercial and homemade complementary meals for infants in Germany. Market survey and dietary practice.Appetite,76, pp.113-119. Dunn, E.C., 2015.Privatizing Poland: Baby food, big business, and the remaking of labor. Cornell University Press. Myanmar Medical Exhibition, Healthcare Conference. (2016). Myanmar Baby Food Supplements Health Drink Registration FDA Myanmar. [online] Available at: https://medical-healthcare.mitamyanmar.com/yangon/sector-industry/baby-foods-food-supplements-and-health-drinks-registration-with-fda-myanmar-yangon-distributors/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. tractus-asia.com (2016). [online] Available at: https://tractus-asia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Business-Development-Publications-CODB-Myanmar-2015-05-08.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016].