Robert Penn Warren, Born In Guthrie, Kentucky In 1905, Was One Of The

Robert Penn Warren, born in Guthrie, Kentucky in 1905, was one of the twentieth century's most eminent American writers. He was a distinguished novelist and poet, literary critic, essayist, short story writer, and coeditor of numerous textbooks. He also a founding editor of The Southern Review, a journal of literary criticism and political thought. The primary influences on Robert Warren's career as a poet were probably his Kentucky boyhood, and his relationships with his father and his maternal grandfather. As a boy, Warren spent many hours on his grandfather's farm, absorbing stories of the Civil War and the local tobacco wars between growers and wholesalers, the subject of his first novel, Night Riders. His grandfather, Thomas Gabriel Penn, had been a calvary officer in the Civil War and was well-read in both military history and poetry, which he sometimes recited for Robert. Robert's father was a banker who had once had aspirations to become a lawyer and a poet. Because of economic troubles, and his responsibility for a family of half-brothers and sisters when his father died, Robert Franklin Warren forsook his literary ambitions and devoted himself to more lucrative businesses. Robert Warren did not always have ambitions to become a writer, in fact, one of his earlier dreams was to become an adventurer on the high seas. This fantasy might have indeed come about, for his father intended to get him an appointment to Annapolis, had it not been for a childhood accident in which he lost sight in one of his eyes. Warren was an outstanding student but there were also many books at home, and he savored reading. His father at one time aspired to be a poet. His grandfather Penn, with whom he spent much time when he was young, was an exceptional storyteller and greatly influenced young Red. But both of these men whom he loved had in some sense failed to achieve. By contrast, Warren was determined to achieve, to be successful. During his college years at Vanderbilt, the sense of being physically maimed, as well as the fear sympathetic blindness in his remaining good eye became almost unbearable. At Vanderbilt University he met Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and others interested in poetry. As part of The Fugitives, a private group that met off campus, he delved deeply into poetry, and his first poems were published in their short-lived quarterly. Warren had a remarkable capacity for friendship, and he was in touch with these men all of their lives. For years Tate was "first critic" of his poetry. After graduating from Vanderbilt in 1925, he took a Master's Degree from the University of California at Berkley. After visiting Yale University, he moved to Oxford as a Rhodes scholar, where he wrote his first book: John Brown: The Making of a Martyr in 1929. "Red" Warren, as he was known to his friends, married Emma Brescia in 1930, a marriage which ended in divorce 20 years later. In the last several years of that period, Warren was penned with depression and a lack of new material. His period of dissolution did not end until his second marriage to Eleanor Clark in 1952. Warren received many honors including a Pulitzer Prize for the fiction All the King's Men, 1946: This novel illustrating a powerful Southern governor resembling the Louisiana politician Huey P. Long.. He also produced his complex World Enough and Time, based on the Kentucky hanging of Jeremiah Beauchamp for murder in 1826. The research he done for this book was done at the Library of Congress during the time he was Poetry Consultant there. In this research, he uncovered the sorbid tale of Lilburne Lewis, Thomas Jefferson's nephew, who chopped a young slave girl to pieces with a meat ax. Robert struggled to convert the account of the murder into a long dramatic poem, which was to emerge at last in 1953 as Brother to Dragons: A Tale in verse and Voices, one of the most distinctive long poems in American literature. Warren's marriage to Eleanor and the births of their two children, Rosanna and Gabriel, brought new life into his writing. After the Pulitzer Prize-winning Promises: Poems 1954-1956, dedicated to his children, Warren produced several more novels and a steady stream of

Vision Restoration Through the use of Gene Therapy essays

Vision Restoration Through the use of Gene Therapy essays Vision Restoration and its Advances Using Gene Therapy Blindness has yet to be cured, and throughout the years many different experiments and theories have been made and tested. Our technological advances dealing with vision restoration have varied through the years, and especially as we go off into the distant future different theories are created, and the cure for blindness seems to come closer within our grasp. Three years ago scientists went about trying to restore vision using electronic devices which was a new concept for many. This device called for a way of stimulating the neurons in the retina that were still left from various patients who were blind from end-stage photoreceptor deteriorating diseases like the common RP (retina pigmentosa) along with AMD (age-related macular degeneration). It was founded that before death, RP eyes that have slight or absolutely no light perception sight just had a small percentage of 4% or less of the nuclei left in the outer nuclear layer while the ganglion cell layer had 30% and inner layer 80% of its nuclei. Because of this partial degeneration, the retinal implant could stimulate electrically the retinal neurons that are still left and give functional sight (Humayun et al., 2569) The components of this device consisted of a camera, and an image-processing chip, which would be carefully mounted on an eyeglass frame. The way in which it would work is that the mechanism would take and transform a view through as persons eyes into pixels (tiny dots). From there the data would be made into a frequency signal and sent to a retinal microchip that was implanted in the eye. The frequency sent would then be converted by the retinal chip to form a pattern of tiny electrical currents that would be put through a two dimensional grid of electrodes that are placed near each other over the retina. Hence every electrode site would excite the primary neurons, which in effect crea...

University Land Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

University Land Deal - Essay Example His sources of power are the fact that he is aware of $16 million dorm that the extended university had earlier negotiated, and it was not better than what they wanted to sell off. He was also aware that there were few local properties that could serve as a comparison. Father Farrell also knew that the long university was in need of expansion of residential areas and their place was a convenient one. Father Farrell’s BATNA was the $18.3million which he had negotiated earlier with a commercial developer. Father’s RP is $17.8 million since it was the last price he had on his alternatives as more beginning on discussed with the board members. Her interest was to get the three dorms since her university needed expansion area for residential. Her source of power was the fact that St. James School was providing the best place for residential, and she was sure about it. Her BATNA would be $16 million she had experience with another

Stage 3 of the Three Stage Integrative Model Assignment

Stage 3 of the Three Stage Integrative Model - Assignment Example I would also evaluate if the client is ready to move on to the third step by considering what or who might prevent him from achieving his goals. This would be both a personal and professional assessment on the part of the client. He would have to think about the people in his life and who among these people would not help him achieve his goals. He would also have to think about his skills, his mental capacity, and his determination and to evaluate if these factors hinder him from achieving his goals (Egan, 1998). After the client has reviewed all these elements, then it is logical to conclude that he is ready to move on the stage 3 of the counselling process. By reviewing the above elements, I am able to gain a sign as to his mental, emotional, and psychological preparedness to meet the challenges of the next stage of the counselling process. The dynamics involved between the counsellor and the client in order to develop programmes which would assist the clients to achieve change includes the adaption of the SMART strategy. The SMART (Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic and Time-framed) strategy in conceptualizing programmes help to ensure that the programmes would work well for the clients (Egan, 1998). In this dynamic, the goals set are specific enough and their effectiveness and applicability to the programme would be measurable. It must also be agreeable to the client and the counsellor. The programme is after all for the benefit of the client and it must be something he would be comfortable with. The programme must also be something which would work well for the counsellor because he would help implement it to the client. The programme must also be realistic (Egan, 1998). In this case, the activities and goals set must be achievable and attainable in the long-run. The goals and activities must not be too lofty a nd too ambitious for the

Discuss potential reasons for a groups failure to meet their goals and Term Paper

Discuss potential reasons for a groups failure to meet their goals and objectives - Term Paper Example Lack of proper timing may be a possible cause of failure by group members to undertake strategies aimed at accomplishing set goals and objectives of a group project. Goals and objectives need close supervision to ensure the set strategies to accomplish them are in the right track. Proper reporting of progress is vital to realizing the set goals and objectives of the group. Failure to undertake supervision of the progress, coupled with proper reporting may be a possible cause of unattained goals and objectives in a group project (Yarbrough, 2008). Besides supervision, the progress of the goals should be subject to evaluation for appropriateness and relevance. This is a core step to realizing goals and objectives of a group project. Planning plays a fundamental role in realizing set goals and objectives. A plan serves as a blueprint that guides the strategies of achieving set goals and objectives. A group, therefore, needs a detailed and well-defined plan to guide it through the course of the process. Failure to set an appropriate plan, therefore, can be a possible cause of failure to achieve a group’s set goals and

Life And Work Of Barbara Kruger Photography Essay

Life And Work Of Barbara Kruger Photography Essay Even though some may challenge the ideological messages behind Barbara Krugers work in the 1980s, it brought about a change in society. She criticizes everything that is wrong with the stereotypical society using a conceptual approach to her artwork. Kruger challenges gender, sex, religion, consumerism, greed, power and her work becomes fueled by the mass media. Kruger was born in 1945 in Newark, New Jersey. In 1964, she studied at the School of Visual Arts at Syracuse University. After a year at Syracuse, she went to the Parsons School of Design in New York and studied graphic design. After a year at Parsons, she received an entry level position at Mademoiselle Magazine in New York. She was soon promoted to head designer at the magazine. By working for a magazine, she was able see how words and photos can have a certain power to consumers. She became familiarized with these concepts of graphic design and started applying them to her artwork. During the late 1970s she started off using her own photography as the medium for her work as a female artist. In the 1980s she developed a different approach to her work by integrating images and text. In the book Thinking of You Steven Heller states, Krugers method was influenced by reductive Modernist graphic design, the kind that began somewhat idealistically but has dominated corporate identity during the postwar years, as well as the so-called Big Idea or Creative Revolution advertising style of the sixties, known for clever slogans and ironic single images (Heller 112). Krugers artwork is considered postmodern. For Kruger, as for many contemporary theorists, postmodernism is not a style of succeeding the dissolution of modernism but rather a historical condition, marked by new philosophical relations; it signals a rupture with the notion of sovereign and individuality inherited from the Enlightenment (Linker 12). Postmodernism is an art movement that happened after modernism during the late 20th century. Krugers work impacts postmodernism because it sets a precedent for social constructs. Barbara Kruger uses space, text and photos as a way to bring her messages to a grand audience. Her use of words and pictures convey a deeper meaning. Her artwork shows the viewer how fast people are to label someone in society. The work shows how another persons view can impact society as a whole by letting the hierarchy in society manifest our culture. Barbara went beyond this to get a reaction from society by raising this social awareness in her art. Some may argue that her work disrupts the space or environment in which it is displayed. In the article Jam Life into Death, Ana Balona de Olivera talks about how Kruger uses the explicit artistic violence of disruption in order to raise awareness of hidden social violence (Balona de Olivera 752). I dont agree that her artwork is violent or disruptive in relation to the space itself. In our vast world we see large advertised displays all around us. There is more violence viewed on television and in news. I believe her work is more about the message than the actual disruption of the space it occupies. She makes us stop and wonder what we are looking at. When viewing her work, we are challenged to see the actual message behind the work. She tries to communicate messages that she feels are beneficial to society or ironic in nature. The images she chooses may or may not have anything to do with the text on top of the images. Kruger states, As long as pictures remain powerful, living conventions within culture, Ill continue to use them and turn them around (Squiers 148). Kruger uses black and white images that she has come across in magazines, advertisements and other media. She uses these images that arent her own but started to weave them with text to make them her own, which is called appropriation. Krugers work will be necessary to a visual representation for the 1980s, her influence now permeates all the forms of media culture that she appropriated (Garrard 263). Her juxtaposed images shaped how people view society. In Michael Foucaults thesis What is an Author A Lecture; he states, The modes of circulation, valorization, attribution and appropriation of discourses vary with each culture and are modified within each (Foucault 952). Krugers works are a reflection of corporate consumerism and are viewed daily by many people. As a consumer, it is evident that we are buying into corporate America and there is no sign telling us it happens all the time. Sometimes images stay with us and later in life we can identify with them. Some images will leave as soon as we see them with little or no effect on our lives. Working as a graphic designer, Kruger was aware of how certain images sell to a grand audience. In graphic design, the font you use depends on the message you are trying to convey in the advertisement. The font that Barbara uses is called Future Bold Italic. I appreciate the fact that Kruger uses the same font in every piece so the viewer cant convey a certain feeling or mood attributed with it. She let the words do the talking. Even though her images are collage, they possess a graphic quality to them. With this experience she could use images through repetition and recognition that impact our social culture. Kruger uses the color red behind the text invoke a range of feelings by the viewer. The color red can make people feel angry, loving, warm or powerful. Her color choices were something you would see in a newspaper or for marketing a brand like Coca-Cola during the 1980s. Again, her graphic design abilities came into play. By using these colors she could grab peoples attention to them. These colors seem to resemble Russian constructivism but I dont think she was influenced by the art produced during that time. Kruger chooses larger than life public displays. She uses billboards, bus stops, posters and other remote areas. There isnt an average size of her work. She can work as large as a 14 x 48 foot billboard or as small as a print on a coffee cup. Kruger also incorporates her work inside local settings. Her work is viewed in galleries, museums, and storefronts. Her artwork has also appeared in Rage Against the Machine videos and album covers. Krugers artwork is sold as a commodity on T-shirts, postcards, bags and other paraphernalia. What better way to convey a message like Dont be a Jerk on your coffee cup. The artist Jenny Holzer also uses declarative sentence structures that are similar to Krugers artwork. Her work is projected electronically onto a public space using text to convey a message. Krugers work represents typical feminine stereotypes as well as other stereotypical issues that existed during the 1980s. Jenny Holzer and Barbara Krugers art was situated at the complex intersection of the postmodern avant-garde of appropriation and simulation art with feminist critical theory coming from England and France (Garrard 254). Kruger sets a discourse for other feminine artwork done in the 1970s. Kruger, like others, has voiced her concern not to illustrate theory. Nevertheless, crucial notions that circulated within theory about the relations among sexuality, meaning and language found their way into these artists works (Linker 60). Krugers silkscreen image Untitled (Your body is a battleground) 1989 (figure 1) speaks about patriarchy, stereotyping, and consumption. It is a photographic silkscreen on vinyl and is approximately 112112 inches. There is a vintage photo of a woman who looks like a stereotypical housewife. The words Your body is a battleground lay across the image inside a red box. The woman in the photograph has a remarkably intent gaze. She also has subtle features and her face is split symmetrically revealing two different looking images. One side of her face is black and white where you are able to recognize her visual features. The other side of her face is reversed black and white. The features become mechanical and not easily recognizable. We are looking at the same women with two extremely different sides to her. It looks like she has a good side and bad side to her. This photo relates to how women may not feel human all the time in a male-dominated society. And one can note, on the other hand, the ideology of the spectacle as authorized by the dominant order, in which one part of society represents itself to the other, reinforcing domination (Linker 61). The text relates to the struggles women have had over how they are portrayed in the media. During the 1980s women were fighting for their own reproductive rights. They were preserving the womans right of choice to have an abortion against the pro-life movement. Kruger allowed a campaign by the Pro-Choice Public Education Project to adopt her style in a 1998 ad for abortion rights (Dieckmann 172). Kruger took this image to an even larger display for the art world. By agreeing to let herself be copied for a cause, Kruger displayed yet another of her facets- call it Barbara Kruger, Anti-Author (Dieckmann 172). The essay What is an Author A Lecture by Michael Foucault calls for the death of the author. He states, The author is the principle thrift in the proliferation of meaning. We must reverse the traditional idea of the author (Foucault 952). Kruger has set out to take authorship away from this work. Foucault asks the issue in his essay, What difference does it make who is speaking? (Foucault, 953). The image Untitled (Your body is a battleground) was speaking for women and womens rights. Kruger let the people repeat her work for a greater protest in her favor. Kruger wanted to get a reaction from society by using her work to promote a cause. Another example of her work is Untitled, made in 1987 (figure 2). The image was placed on a billboard for the University of Art MATRIX program. It shows a girl impressively admiring a boy who is flexing his arm. The text reads We dont need another hero near the bottom of the piece. The text is white in a red strip extending all the way across the image. The photograph is also outlined in red. The text may be in reference to a song written by Tina Turner in the late 1980s. The lyrics talk about children that are living in fear because they realize there is no such thing as a hero. The black and white photograph is reminiscent of Dick and Jane artwork done in the 1950s. The photo raises an issue of the role of gender at an extremely young age. The word We suggests women. We shouldnt think of a boy being able to protect a girl at such a young age. During the 1980s men were the ones fighting in the war in Iraq, while the women tended to the home. Though women had more rights, men and women still played independent roles in society. It wasnt until the 1990s that women began moving up the corporate ladder into a higher social status. I think this work is suggesting that we dont need another tough guy in society trying to show women how to act and what to do. Its enough to say when we are born, are roles in society are predetermined. As girls, we are taught to play with Barbie Dolls. As girls, we grew up with Barbie Dolls and are taught to be gentle and loving as she is. Boys are taught to be aggressive and tough as their war figures and plastic weapons are made for. In keeping with contemporary feminist theory, she endorses Freuds refutation of the terms masculine and feminine in favor of active and passive relations, connecting sexuality to the situation of the subject (Linker 62). This is true in that most artwork depicted women as objects of possession. Kruger challenges the real power of a mans role in society. It should be noted that those Emotional and intuitive men were allowed to get away with imagery whose blatant essentialism would have been condemned if done by a women (Garrard 257). Today Krugers work graces the cover of a consumer driven society. The work Untitled 2010 (figure 3) appeared on the cover of W magazine. The magazine showcased various artists and Krugers work was on the cover. The cover showcased Kim Kardashians naked body. Krugers text Its all about you, I mean me, I mean you laying across parts of her body. This is an example of how a reality superstar made herself a sex symbol for a remarkably young generation of followers. It isnt entirely clear why Kim Kardashian is on the cover of this magazine. Kruger has not talked about the work in detail or her intent. Kim Kardashian is using her sexuality to gain notoriety in the public eye. Barbara Krugers older work would fight against any imagery like this. I believe she is trying to deal with the issue of the female gaze. I think she is realizing that sex sells in this new generation. It may be that her popularity as an artist is widely from her art in the public eye. Kruger challenges how celebrities are portrayed by the media though she may be condemned for doing so. Kruger is teasing the male audience by not putting her whole body on display. The play on words cover up any sexual connotations. Kim Kardashians body appears to be made plastic or airbrushed but none the less perfect. The text is broken into three sections: One section lays across her breast saying, Its all about me. This text implies that she is a reality superstar and is the perfect example of beauty. The second text lays across her midsection stating, I mean you. The text implies that women are trying to become this perfect women that they may see in a magazine. In the essay From Visual Pleasure Narrative Cinema Laura Mulvey talks about the pleasure of looking through film. One pleasure is scopophilia: taking people as objects and subjecting them to a controlling and curious gaze. She states, Women, then, stands in patriarchal culture as a signifier for the male other, bound by a symbolic order in which man can live out his fantasies through linguistic command by imposing them on women still tied to her place as bearer of meaning, not maker of meaning (Mulvey 983). I think scopophilia is prevalent in advertising today. In most magazines the front cover always has a women staring at the viewer and some sexual aspect of her body becomes a secondary focal point. Though some of these magazines may be reproduced for women, men also get a visual pleasure from looking at them. Indeed, Krugers art is invariably directed at the manner in which visual mastery becomes aligned with difference or, more pointedly, at the way in which representations position women as objects of the male gaze (Linker 61). As a woman, if I were to use this image and put it on my fridge to look at everyday, I would have to admit that I could never be this person. But many women believe that this is reality. The third text is laying across her genital area and states, I mean me. The text implies that it was never about you it was all about her. Her body image is a false reality fueled by the mass media. In conclusion, Krugers work is similarly fueled by the mass media. Using re-occurring ideological messages to communicate her ideas the themes of gender, sex, consumerism, greed and power, she criticizes everything that she feels is wrong with the society we live in.

The Effects of the Ageing Population on the British Welfare State Essay

Introduction Since the year 1800, the global population has grown from one billion to the estimated current population of 6.5 billion. By the year 2070 the world’s population is expected to continue to grow to 10 billion people. The major increase in population has occurred in the past 50 years, and based upon the United Nations (2007) estimates and projections up to the year 2050, it is believed that the population burst experienced worldwide over the past half century will have slowed down in the northern and contemporary countries, whereas the population will continue to increase in less developed countries and southern nations. While the large population is taxing enough on the already fragile economic markets of the United Kingdom, the fact that this population is rapidly ageing and will rely heavily on the British Welfare State is of concern. Through the examination and use of both printed and online sources, the population trends and their causes are presented, and the impact on, an d implications for, the British welfare state are discussed. 1- Population Trends In Britain and the rest of Europe, the population is forecasted to decline (Appendix A) with two noticeable trends focusing on the increase of the elderly, as well as the decrease in youth and people of working age. 1.1- The Ageing Population According to a BBC news report (2011), the number of individuals over the age of sixty could rise by 40% in the next thirty years. The office of National Statistics (2009) has on record that from 1984 - 2009 there has been a one percent increase in the elderly, which equals roughly to 1.7 million. The biggest increase seems to appear in the aged 85+ category. Since 1983, the number of people in this category has doub... ...jor economic shortfall due to low fertility and mortality rates. Though there are several objectives that could be implemented, such as increasing worker productivity and growth, all possible improvements will still require a heavier amount of taxation and reduction in public spending and will rely upon the rapidly failing health of the general population. Possible solutions to this significant problem are delaying the retirement age, increasing working hours, allowing for increased migration and the privatization of health services. However, every one of these ideas will likely be met with heavy resistance. If the youth and working population does not save more for their retirement, and prepare for the future, the economic fallout of the ageing population will be a worse crisis than that of the 2007-2008 financial crises and, possibly, even the Great Depression.